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LICENSES: Add the copyleft-next-0.3.1 license 

Add the full text of the copyleft-next-0.3.1 license to the kernel
tree as well as the required tags for reference and tooling.
The license text was copied directly from the copyleft-next project's
git tree [0].

Discussion of using copyleft-next-0.3.1 on Linux started since June,
2016 [1]. In the end Linus' preference was to have drivers use
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL") to make it clear that the GPL applies when it
comes to Linux [2]. Additionally, even though copyleft-next-0.3.1 has
been found to be to be GPLv2 compatible by three attorneys at SUSE and
Redhat [3], to err on the side of caution we simply recommend to
always use the "OR" language for this license [4].

Even though it has been a goal of the project to be GPL-v2 compatible
to be certain in 2016 I asked for a clarification about what makes
copyleft-next GPLv2 compatible and also asked for a summary of
benefits. This prompted some small minor changes to make compatibility
even further clear and as of copyleft 0.3.1 compatibility should
be crystal clear [5].

The summary of why copyleft-next 0.3.1 is compatible with GPLv2
is explained as follows:

  Like GPLv2, copyleft-next requires distribution of derivative works
  ("Derived Works" in copyleft-next 0.3.x) to be under the same license.
  Ordinarily this would make the two licenses incompatible. However,
  copyleft-next 0.3.1 says: "If the Derived Work includes material
  licensed under the GPL, You may instead license the Derived Work under
  the GPL." "GPL" is defined to include GPLv2.

In practice this means copyleft-next code in Linux may be licensed
under the GPL2, however there are additional obvious gains for
bringing contributions from Linux outbound where copyleft-next is
preferred. A summary of benefits why projects outside of Linux might
prefer to use copyleft-next >= 0.3.1 over GPLv2:

o It is much shorter and simpler
o It has an explicit patent license grant, unlike GPLv2
o Its notice preservation conditions are clearer
o More free software/open source licenses are compatible
  with it (via section 4)
o The source code requirement triggered by binary distribution
  is much simpler in a procedural sense
o Recipients potentially have a contract claim against distributors
  who are noncompliant with the source code requirement
o There is a built-in inbound=outbound policy for upstream
  contributions (cf. Apache License 2.0 section 5)
o There are disincentives to engage in the controversial practice
  of copyleft/ proprietary dual-licensing
o In 15 years copyleft expires, which can be advantageous
  for legacy code
o There are explicit disincentives to bringing patent infringement
  claims accusing the licensed work of infringement (see 10b)
o There is a cure period for licensees who are not compliant
  with the license (there is no cure opportunity in GPLv2)
o copyleft-next has a 'built-in or-later' provision

The first driver submission to Linux under this dual strategy was
lib/test_sysctl.c through commit 9308f2f9e7 ("test_sysctl: add
dedicated proc sysctl test driver") merged in July 2017. Shortly after
that I also added test_kmod through commit d9c6a72d6f ("kmod: add
test driver to stress test the module loader") in the same month. These
two drivers went in just a few months before the SPDX license practice
kicked in. In 2018 Kuno Woudt went through the process to get SPDX
identifiers for copyleft-next [6] [7]. Although there are SPDX tags
for copyleft-next-0.3.0, we only document use in Linux starting from
copyleft-next-0.3.1 which makes GPLv2 compatibility crystal clear.

This patch will let us update the two Linux selftest drivers in
subsequent patches with their respective SPDX license identifiers and
let us remove repetitive license boiler plate.

[0] https://github.com/copyleft-next/copyleft-next/blob/master/Releases/copyleft-next-0.3.1
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1465929311-13509-1-git-send-email-mcgrof@kernel.org/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CA+55aFyhxcvD+q7tp+-yrSFDKfR0mOHgyEAe=f_94aKLsOu0Og@mail.gmail.com/
[3] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20170516232702.GL17314@wotan.suse.de/
[4] https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1495234558.7848.122.camel@linux.intel.com
[5] https://lists.fedorahosted.org/archives/list/copyleft-next@lists.fedorahosted.org/thread/JTGV56DDADWGKU7ZKTZA4DLXTGTLNJ57/#SQMDIKBRAVDOCT4UVNOOCRGBN2UJIKHZ
[6] https://spdx.org/licenses/copyleft-next-0.3.0.html
[7] https://spdx.org/licenses/copyleft-next-0.3.1.html

Cc: Goldwyn Rodrigues <rgoldwyn@suse.com>
Cc: Kuno Woudt <kuno@frob.nl>
Cc: Richard Fontana <fontana@sharpeleven.org>
Cc: copyleft-next@lists.fedorahosted.org
Cc: Ciaran Farrell <Ciaran.Farrell@suse.com>
Cc: Christopher De Nicolo <Christopher.DeNicolo@suse.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Thorsten Leemhuis <linux@leemhuis.info>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Luis Chamberlain <mcgrof@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Tim Bird <tim.bird@sony.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
master
Luis Chamberlain 2 years ago committed by Greg Kroah-Hartman
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      LICENSES/dual/copyleft-next-0.3.1

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Valid-License-Identifier: copyleft-next-0.3.1
SPDX-URL: https://spdx.org/licenses/copyleft-next-0.3.1
Usage-Guide:
copyleft-next-0.3.1 is explicitly compatible with GPLv2 (or later) and
can therefore be used for kernel code. Though the best and recommended
practice is to express this in the SPDX license identifier by
licensing the code under both licenses expressed by the OR operator.
To use the copyleft-next-0.3.1 license put the following SPDX tag/value
pair into a comment according to the placement guidelines in the
licensing rules documentation:
SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only OR copyleft-next 0.3.1
SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later OR copyleft-next-0.3.1
License-Text:
=======================================================================
copyleft-next 0.3.1 ("this License")
Release date: 2016-04-29
1. License Grants; No Trademark License
Subject to the terms of this License, I grant You:
a) A non-exclusive, worldwide, perpetual, royalty-free, irrevocable
copyright license, to reproduce, Distribute, prepare derivative works
of, publicly perform and publicly display My Work.
b) A non-exclusive, worldwide, perpetual, royalty-free, irrevocable
patent license under Licensed Patents to make, have made, use, sell,
offer for sale, and import Covered Works.
This License does not grant any rights in My name, trademarks, service
marks, or logos.
2. Distribution: General Conditions
You may Distribute Covered Works, provided that You (i) inform
recipients how they can obtain a copy of this License; (ii) satisfy the
applicable conditions of sections 3 through 6; and (iii) preserve all
Legal Notices contained in My Work (to the extent they remain
pertinent). "Legal Notices" means copyright notices, license notices,
license texts, and author attributions, but does not include logos,
other graphical images, trademarks or trademark legends.
3. Conditions for Distributing Derived Works; Outbound GPL Compatibility
If You Distribute a Derived Work, You must license the entire Derived
Work as a whole under this License, with prominent notice of such
licensing. This condition may not be avoided through such means as
separate Distribution of portions of the Derived Work.
If the Derived Work includes material licensed under the GPL, You may
instead license the Derived Work under the GPL.
4. Condition Against Further Restrictions; Inbound License Compatibility
When Distributing a Covered Work, You may not impose further
restrictions on the exercise of rights in the Covered Work granted under
this License. This condition is not excused merely because such
restrictions result from Your compliance with conditions or obligations
extrinsic to this License (such as a court order or an agreement with a
third party).
However, You may Distribute a Covered Work incorporating material
governed by a license that is both OSI-Approved and FSF-Free as of the
release date of this License, provided that compliance with such
other license would not conflict with any conditions stated in other
sections of this License.
5. Conditions for Distributing Object Code
You may Distribute an Object Code form of a Covered Work, provided that
you accompany the Object Code with a URL through which the Corresponding
Source is made available, at no charge, by some standard or customary
means of providing network access to source code.
If you Distribute the Object Code in a physical product or tangible
storage medium ("Product"), the Corresponding Source must be available
through such URL for two years from the date of Your most recent
Distribution of the Object Code in the Product. However, if the Product
itself contains or is accompanied by the Corresponding Source (made
available in a customarily accessible manner), You need not also comply
with the first paragraph of this section.
Each direct and indirect recipient of the Covered Work from You is an
intended third-party beneficiary of this License solely as to this
section 5, with the right to enforce its terms.
6. Symmetrical Licensing Condition for Upstream Contributions
If You Distribute a work to Me specifically for inclusion in or
modification of a Covered Work (a "Patch"), and no explicit licensing
terms apply to the Patch, You license the Patch under this License, to
the extent of Your copyright in the Patch. This condition does not
negate the other conditions of this License, if applicable to the Patch.
7. Nullification of Copyleft/Proprietary Dual Licensing
If I offer to license, for a fee, a Covered Work under terms other than
a license that is OSI-Approved or FSF-Free as of the release date of this
License or a numbered version of copyleft-next released by the
Copyleft-Next Project, then the license I grant You under section 1 is no
longer subject to the conditions in sections 3 through 5.
8. Copyleft Sunset
The conditions in sections 3 through 5 no longer apply once fifteen
years have elapsed from the date of My first Distribution of My Work
under this License.
9. Pass-Through
When You Distribute a Covered Work, the recipient automatically receives
a license to My Work from Me, subject to the terms of this License.
10. Termination
Your license grants under section 1 are automatically terminated if You
a) fail to comply with the conditions of this License, unless You cure
such noncompliance within thirty days after becoming aware of it, or
b) initiate a patent infringement litigation claim (excluding
declaratory judgment actions, counterclaims, and cross-claims)
alleging that any part of My Work directly or indirectly infringes
any patent.
Termination of Your license grants extends to all copies of Covered
Works You subsequently obtain. Termination does not terminate the
rights of those who have received copies or rights from You subject to
this License.
To the extent permission to make copies of a Covered Work is necessary
merely for running it, such permission is not terminable.
11. Later License Versions
The Copyleft-Next Project may release new versions of copyleft-next,
designated by a distinguishing version number ("Later Versions").
Unless I explicitly remove the option of Distributing Covered Works
under Later Versions, You may Distribute Covered Works under any Later
Version.
** 12. No Warranty **
** **
** My Work is provided "as-is", without warranty. You bear the risk **
** of using it. To the extent permitted by applicable law, each **
** Distributor of My Work excludes the implied warranties of title, **
** merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and **
** non-infringement. **
** 13. Limitation of Liability **
** **
** To the extent permitted by applicable law, in no event will any **
** Distributor of My Work be liable to You for any damages **
** whatsoever, whether direct, indirect, special, incidental, or **
** consequential damages, whether arising under contract, tort **
** (including negligence), or otherwise, even where the Distributor **
** knew or should have known about the possibility of such damages. **
14. Severability
The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this License
does not affect the validity or enforceability of the remainder of
this License. Such provision is to be reformed to the minimum extent
necessary to make it valid and enforceable.
15. Definitions
"Copyleft-Next Project" means the project that maintains the source
code repository at <https://github.com/copyleft-next/copyleft-next.git/>
as of the release date of this License.
"Corresponding Source" of a Covered Work in Object Code form means (i)
the Source Code form of the Covered Work; (ii) all scripts,
instructions and similar information that are reasonably necessary for
a skilled developer to generate such Object Code from the Source Code
provided under (i); and (iii) a list clearly identifying all Separate
Works (other than those provided in compliance with (ii)) that were
specifically used in building and (if applicable) installing the
Covered Work (for example, a specified proprietary compiler including
its version number). Corresponding Source must be machine-readable.
"Covered Work" means My Work or a Derived Work.
"Derived Work" means a work of authorship that copies from, modifies,
adapts, is based on, is a derivative work of, transforms, translates or
contains all or part of My Work, such that copyright permission is
required. The following are not Derived Works: (i) Mere Aggregation;
(ii) a mere reproduction of My Work; and (iii) if My Work fails to
explicitly state an expectation otherwise, a work that merely makes
reference to My Work.
"Distribute" means to distribute, transfer or make a copy available to
someone else, such that copyright permission is required.
"Distributor" means Me and anyone else who Distributes a Covered Work.
"FSF-Free" means classified as 'free' by the Free Software Foundation.
"GPL" means a version of the GNU General Public License or the GNU
Affero General Public License.
"I"/"Me"/"My" refers to the individual or legal entity that places My
Work under this License. "You"/"Your" refers to the individual or legal
entity exercising rights in My Work under this License. A legal entity
includes each entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under
common control with such legal entity. "Control" means (a) the power to
direct the actions of such legal entity, whether by contract or
otherwise, or (b) ownership of more than fifty percent of the
outstanding shares or beneficial ownership of such legal entity.
"Licensed Patents" means all patent claims licensable royalty-free by
Me, now or in the future, that are necessarily infringed by making,
using, or selling My Work, and excludes claims that would be infringed
only as a consequence of further modification of My Work.
"Mere Aggregation" means an aggregation of a Covered Work with a
Separate Work.
"My Work" means the particular work of authorship I license to You
under this License.
"Object Code" means any form of a work that is not Source Code.
"OSI-Approved" means approved as 'Open Source' by the Open Source
Initiative.
"Separate Work" means a work that is separate from and independent of a
particular Covered Work and is not by its nature an extension or
enhancement of the Covered Work, and/or a runtime library, standard
library or similar component that is used to generate an Object Code
form of a Covered Work.
"Source Code" means the preferred form of a work for making
modifications to it.
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